C1
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
EGP #10 | C1 | ADJECTIVES / combining | lexical range 3 Can use a wide range of compound adjectives ('open-minded', 'above-mentioned', 'well-to-do', 'jaw-dropping'). 制卡口径：使用比 B1/B2 更广且不重复的高级复合形容词；整个词作为一个关键词。
WITH EXTREME ADVERBS
EGP #42 | C1 | ADJECTIVES / modifying Can modify gradable adjectives with extreme adverbs of degree ('absolutely', 'extremely', 'incredibly', 'totally') to intensify their meaning. Lexical range: N/A
PAST PARTICPLE AS ADJECTIVE
EGP #55 | C1 | ADJECTIVES / position Can use the '–ed' form of a verb as an adjective, after a noun. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH NOUN AND POSTMODFIER
EGP #77 | C1 | ADJECTIVES / superlatives Can use a postmodifier to make the superlative stronger in the structure superlative + postmodifier + noun. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH POSTMODFIER AND NOUN
EGP #78 | C1 | ADJECTIVES / superlatives Can use a postmodifier to make the superlative stronger, in the structure superlative + noun + postmodifier ('possible', 'ever', 'by far'). Lexical range: N/A
DEGREE, WITH ADJECTIVES
EGP #107 | C1 | ADVERBS / adverbs as modifiers Can use a wide range of adverbs with adjectives to express degree or intensity. Lexical range: 3
CERTAINTY
EGP #108 | C1 | ADVERBS / adverbs as modifiers Can use a wide range of adverbs to indicate degrees of certainty. Lexical range: 3
STANCE
EGP #109 | C1 | ADVERBS / adverbs as modifiers Can use a wide range of stance adverbs (simply, truly, surely, apparently, naturally, surprisingly, inevitably, literally, exceptionally, frankly, clearly, amazingly, wisely, admittedly) to indicate an attitude or viewpoint, often in clause initial position. Lexical range: 3
DEGREE, MODIFYING ADVERBS
EGP #124 | C1 | ADVERBS / adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings Can use an increasing range of degree adverbs to modify a range of adverb types. ► adjectives ► adverb phrases: form Lexical range: 2
DEGREE, MODIFYING COMPARATIVES
EGP #125 | C1 | ADVERBS / adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings Can use degree adverbs ('slightly', 'a bit', 'much') to modify comparatives. Lexical range: N/A
ADVERB + ADVERB
EGP #145 | C1 | ADVERBS / adverb phrases - form Can modify a wide range of adverbs with other adverbs. Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE: ADVERB + 'ENOUGH'
EGP #146 | C1 | ADVERBS / adverb phrases - form Can post-modify adverbs with 'enough to intensify'. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: ADVERBS + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, HIGHLIGHT
EGP #147 | C1 | ADVERBS / adverb phrases - form Can post-modify adverbs with a complex prepositional phrase complement, to highlight information. Lexical range: N/A
SUPERLATIVE ADVERB 'BEST' + CLAUSE
EGP #166 | C1 | CLAUSES / comparatives Can use 'the best' as a superlative adverb + pronoun + ellipted 'can' or 'could'. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY … BUT (ALSO)' WITH INVERSION, FOCUS
EGP #177 | C1 | CLAUSES / coordinated Can combine clauses using 'not only' in front position followed by an inverted first clause + … 'but (also)' to introduce the second clause, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'LET' + THIRD PERSON PRONOUN, PERMISSION, ORDER
EGP #197 | C1 | CLAUSES / imperatives Can use an imperative clause with 'let' + 'him/her/them' + base form of a main verb, to give permission or allow something or instruct someone to allow something. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: DON'T 'LET' + PRONOUN, PERMISSION, ORDER
EGP #198 | C1 | CLAUSES / imperatives Can use an imperative clause with 'let' + 'him/her/them' + base form of a main verb, to disallow something or instruct someone to disallow something. Lexical range: N/A
POINTING, IN FORMAL CONTEXTS
EGP #199 | C1 | CLAUSES / imperatives Can use imperatives to point within or to a document within formal contexts, often academic. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: IMPERATIVE + 'AND' CONDITIONAL
EGP #200 | C1 | CLAUSES / imperatives Can use imperatives to introduce a condition followed by 'and' to introduce a consequence of the condition. Lexical range: N/A
NON-FINITE AFTER 'IF'
EGP #250 | C1 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can use non-finite clauses after 'if'. .► 'clauses: conditionals' Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: INVERSION
EGP #252 | C1 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can introduce a subordinate clause with inverted 'should/had/were' + subject + verb, in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NON-FINITE WITH '-ED' CLAUSES, FOCUS
EGP #253 | C1 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can use a non-finite subordinate clause with an '-ed' form, before a main clause, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT' + '-ING' CLAUSE
EGP #254 | C1 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can use a non-finite clause, introduced by 'not' + '-ing', to give more information. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'YET', CONCESSIVE
EGP #270 | C1 | CONJUNCTIONS / coordinating Can use '(and) yet' to combine phrases and clauses to introduce a contrast, often unexpected. Lexical range: N/A
'EITHER … OR'
EGP #271 | C1 | CONJUNCTIONS / coordinating Can use 'either … or' to combine more complex strings of clauses and sentences. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO'
EGP #272 | C1 | CONJUNCTIONS / coordinating Can use 'not only … but also' to combine phrases and clauses, often for focus or emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO' WITH INVERSION
EGP #273 | C1 | CONJUNCTIONS / coordinating Can use inverted auxiliary 'do' + the subject after 'not only', to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: FOCUS
EGP #281 | C1 | CONJUNCTIONS / subordinating Can use 'whatever', 'wherever', 'however', etc. as a subordinating conjunction, at the beginning of a sentence, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
'ONE'S'
EGP #327 | C1 | DETERMINERS / possessives Can use 'one's' to indicate possession, referring to people in general. Lexical range: N/A
'EITHER', 'NEITHER' WITH SINGULAR NOUNS
EGP #349 | C1 | DETERMINERS / quantity Can use 'either' and 'neither' with singular nouns. Lexical range: N/A
'EITHER', 'NEITHER' + 'OF' + DETERMINER WITH PLURAL NOUNS
EGP #350 | C1 | DETERMINERS / quantity Can use 'either' and 'neither' + 'of' with plural noun phrases or pronouns.► pronouns Lexical range: N/A
HYPERBOLE
EGP #351 | C1 | DETERMINERS / quantity Can use determiners in hyperbole, often in informal contexts ('millions of', 'loads of', 'tons of'). Lexical range: N/A
EXPECTATIONS WITH 'MIGHT' OR 'MAY'
EGP #359 | C1 | FUTURE / future continuous Can use the future continuous with 'might' or 'may' to talk about an event or activity potentially in progress at a specified or understood time in the future. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #378 | C1 | FUTURE / future perfect simple Can use the future perfect with adverbs (in the normal mid-position). Lexical range: N/A
ASSUMPTIONS
EGP #379 | C1 | FUTURE / future perfect simple Can use the future perfect simple with 'will' to make assumptions about the present, particularly with 'you'. Lexical range: N/A
POLITENESS
EGP #380 | C1 | FUTURE / future perfect simple Can use the future perfect simple with 'will' as a politeness strategy, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE 'SHALL'
EGP #395 | C1 | FUTURE / future simple (with will and shall) Can use the negative form 'shall not'. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #410 | C1 | FUTURE / future with be going to Can use 'be' + 'going to' with an increasing range of adverbs (particularly adverbs of certainty) in the normal mid position. Lexical range: 2
WITH 'BY THE TIME'
EGP #422 | C1 | FUTURE / present continuous for future use Can use the present simple with 'by the time' to refer to the future. Lexical range: N/A
SUGGESTIONS, OBLIGATION
EGP #423 | C1 | FUTURE / present continuous for future use Can use the present simple after speech act verbs expressing suggestions and obligation. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: MODIFYING ADJECTIVES, HEDGING
EGP #434 | C1 | MODALITY / adjectives Can modify adjectives with degree adverbs, often to make an assertion less direct. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: MODIFYING ADJECTIVES, EMPHASIS
EGP #435 | C1 | MODALITY / adjectives Can modify adjectives with adverbs, often for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: PAST NEGATIVE, DEDUCTIONS
EGP #452 | C1 | MODALITY / can Can use 'can't' or 'cannot have' + '-ed' to make deductions. Lexical range: N/A
PASSIVE
EGP #453 | C1 | MODALITY / can Can use 'can' in passive reporting clauses in a more formal impersonal style (e.g. for reports and academic contexts), such as 'It can be said that', 'It can be argued (that)', 'It can be concluded that', 'It can be considered'.► passives Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #454 | C1 | MODALITY / can Can use a wide range of adverbs with 'can' in the normal mid position after the modal verb). ► adverbs Lexical range: 3
EMPHASIS
EGP #455 | C1 | MODALITY / can Can use expressions with 'can' or 'can’t' to give focus or add emphasis, such as 'as you can see', 'I can't say', 'I can tell you that', 'as you can imagine', 'I can say that', 'I can assure you that'. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'I DARE SAY'
EGP #460 | C1 | MODALITY / dare Can use the fixed expression 'I dare say' to say that something is probably true. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTION
EGP #461 | C1 | MODALITY / dare Can use the question form. Lexical range: N/A
'HOW DARE …!'
EGP #462 | C1 | MODALITY / dare Can use 'how dare … !' to express disapproval or offense about something Lexical range: N/A
'BE SET TO', ASSERTION
EGP #483 | C1 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be set to' to talk about strong assertion about the future, especially in institutional contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: HEDGING
EGP #484 | C1 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be' + 'not' + adjective + 'that-' clause to make an assertion less direct. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'MAY WELL'
EGP #509 | C1 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may well' to give emphasis to something unexpected. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: PAST NEGATIVE
EGP #510 | C1 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may not have' + '-ed' to talk about possibility in the past. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #522 | C1 | MODALITY / might Can use the question form. Lexical range: N/A
PAST, NEGATIVE
EGP #523 | C1 | MODALITY / might Can use 'might not have' + '-ed'. Lexical range: N/A
POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST
EGP #524 | C1 | MODALITY / might Can use 'might not have' + '-ed' to talk about possibility with a past reference. Lexical range: N/A
CONSOLING OR JUSTIFYING
EGP #525 | C1 | MODALITY / might Can use 'might' followed by 'but' to console or justify. Lexical range: N/A
POLITE CRITICISM
EGP #526 | C1 | MODALITY / might Can use the question form to make polite criticisms and suggestions. Lexical range: N/A
PAST, NEGATIVE
EGP #553 | C1 | MODALITY / need Can use 'needn't have' + '-ed'. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: DESIRED STATES, WITH 'THERE OUGHT TO BE'
EGP #560 | C1 | MODALITY / ought Can use 'there ought to be' to talk about desired states of affairs. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: EMPHASIS, WITH 'REALLY'
EGP #561 | C1 | MODALITY / ought Can use 'ought to' with 'really' to add emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: PAST, AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #562 | C1 | MODALITY / ought Can use 'ought to have' + '-ed' to refer to desired states of affairs in the past. Lexical range: N/A
LIKELIHOOD
EGP #563 | C1 | MODALITY / ought Can use 'ought to' to talk about something which is likely. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #573 | C1 | MODALITY / shall Can use the negative form. Lexical range: N/A
COMMANDS AND INSTRUCTIONS
EGP #574 | C1 | MODALITY / shall Can use 'shall' to express commands in very formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: AFTER 'IF' CLAUSES
EGP #594 | C1 | MODALITY / should Can use 'should' after 'if' to talk about possible situations in the future. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: INVERSION
EGP #595 | C1 | MODALITY / should Can use 'should' with an inverted subject to refer to possible situations, in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #600 | C1 | MODALITY / used to Can use the question form. Lexical range: N/A
HABITUAL AND TYPICAL
EGP #614 | C1 | MODALITY / will Can use 'will' to talk about something which is typical or habitual. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #637 | C1 | MODALITY / would Can use an increasing range of adverbs with 'would', including 'strongly', 'easily', 'especially', 'actually', 'absolutely', 'gladly' ► adverbs Lexical range: 2
FORM/USE: 'NOT NECESSARILY'
EGP #644 | C1 | MODALITY / adverbs Can use 'not necessarily' to express a possible exception to a general perception, i.e. not in every case. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: RESPONSE TOKENS
EGP #645 | C1 | MODALITY / adverbs Can use 'not necessarily' as a short response. Lexical range: N/A
NOUN PHRASE WITH POSSESSIVE 'S WITHOUT NOUN
EGP #673 | C1 | NOUNS / noun phrases Can form complex noun phrases with noun phrase + 'of' + noun phrase + possessive determiner ''s', omitting the noun where it is previously mentioned. Lexical range: N/A
NOMINALISATION, FORMALITY
EGP #674 | C1 | NOUNS / noun phrases Can use nominalised forms in academic or business contexts, to make something more formal. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WH-' CLEFT, FOCUS
EGP #675 | C1 | NOUNS / noun phrases Can form complex noun phrases with 'wh-' cleft clauses, followed by 'be', to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM'-ING' FORMS, ABSTRACT NOUNS
EGP #683 | C1 | NOUNS / types Can use the '-ing' form of verbs as abstract nouns. Lexical range: 2
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
EGP #697 | C1 | NOUNS / uncountable Can use a wide range of uncountable nouns, particularly referring to abstract concepts. Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE: NON-FINITE CLAUSES
EGP #730 | C1 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use a passive non-finite '-ing' form as a subordinate clause or a noun clause to give explanatory background information. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: PRESENT CONTINUOUS NEGATIVE
EGP #731 | C1 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the present continuous passive negative form to refer to ongoing situations in the present. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: SUMMARISING, EVALUATING WITH 'IT'.
EGP #732 | C1 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the passive with 'it' as a dummy subject, to summarise or evaluate in discussions, usually in formal or academic writing. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'GET' + OBJECT + '-ED'
EGP #740 | C1 | PASSIVES / get and have Can use 'get' + object + '-ed' to talk about causing or instructing something to happen or to be done by somebody else, often informally. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'GET' + OBJECT + '-ING'
EGP #741 | C1 | PASSIVES / get and have Can use 'get' + object + '-ing' to talk about causing someone or something to do something. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: INVERSION, IMAGINED PAST
EGP #780 | C1 | PAST / past perfect simple Can invert the subject and affirmative auxiliary verb to talk about imagined situations in the past, often with regret, in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
INVERSION WITH 'NOT ONLY ? BUT ALSO'
EGP #803 | C1 | PAST / past simple Can use the inverted form of the past simple with auxiliary 'do', in the phrase 'not only ? but also'. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #804 | C1 | PAST / past simple Can use 'yes/no', 'wh-', tag and negative question forms with a wide range of verbs. ► Questions Lexical range: 3
COMPLEX ORDERING OF PAST EVENTS
EGP #805 | C1 | PAST / past simple Can use the past simple to order sequences of events in the past in a complex way. Lexical range: N/A
FOR EMPHASIS, WITH 'DID'
EGP #806 | C1 | PAST / past simple Can use the past simple with 'did' for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
POLITENESS: 'I THOUGHT'
EGP #807 | C1 | PAST / past simple Can use the past simple 'I thought' as a politeness structure to sound less direct. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #834 | C1 | PAST / present perfect simple Can use the full negative forms with a wide range of verbs, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE: FORMAL
EGP #850 | C1 | PREPOSITIONS / prepositions Can use less frequent complex prepositions, often in a more formal, literary or business context. Lexical range: N/A
RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
EGP #862 | C1 | PRESENT / present continuous Can use question forms to ask rhetorical questions. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS, PERSUASION
EGP #886 | C1 | PRESENT / present simple Can use the negative question form as a persuasion strategy. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS, OPINION
EGP #887 | C1 | PRESENT / present simple Can use the negative question form to check opinions. Lexical range: N/A
REPORTING VERBS
EGP #888 | C1 | PRESENT / present simple Can use the present simple with a wide range of reporting verbs, especially in academic contexts, including 'demonstrate', 'illustrate'. Lexical range: 3
'OURS' AS SUBJECT
EGP #902 | C1 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'ours', in subject position. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: (SUBJECT) 'IT' + PASSIVE
EGP #936 | C1 | PRONOUNS / subject/ object Can use 'it' with the passive voice where the subject is unknown or unimportant, often in formal contexts. ► passives Lexical range: N/A
'THAT OF', 'THOSE OF'
EGP #955 | C1 | PRONOUNS / demonstratives Can use 'that of' and 'those of' as a possessive form, in formal and professional contexts. Lexical range: N/A
'NONE', SUBSTITUTION
EGP #964 | C1 | PRONOUNS / quantity Can use pronouns 'none' to substitute for subject and object pronouns. ► pronouns: substitution Lexical range: N/A
FORMAL
EGP #965 | C1 | PRONOUNS / quantity Can use 'few', 'many', 'most', 'others' to refer to people in formal written contexts, often reports or surveys. Lexical range: N/A
MODIFIED
EGP #966 | C1 | PRONOUNS / quantity Can modify 'few' and 'many' with 'very', 'too', 'so' as intensifiers. Lexical range: N/A
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
EGP #967 | C1 | PRONOUNS / quantity Can use 'some of', 'many of' to modify relative pronouns in a relative clause. Lexical range: N/A
'NONE'
EGP #980 | C1 | PRONOUNS / substitution, one, ones, none Can use 'none' as a pronoun. ► determiners: quantity ► pronouns: quantity Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'ANYTHING', FOCUS
EGP #997 | C1 | PRONOUNS / indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc Can use 'anything' with post-modifiers to form complex noun phrases as subjects with a singular verb, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'ANYTHING', ELLIPSIS
EGP #998 | C1 | PRONOUNS / indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc Can use 'anything' in an ellipted clause, ('if there is anything ?'). Lexical range: N/A
'EACH ...' + 'THE OTHER(S)', AS COMPLEMENT
EGP #1006 | C1 | PRONOUNS / reciprocal Can use 'each' (+ noun or pronoun) as subject followed by 'the other(s)' a complement of a preposition, to refer to two related things. ► pronouns: quantity Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: STRONG ALTERNATIVE
EGP #1013 | C1 | QUESTIONS / alternatives Can form alternative questions using an extreme alternative to give greater pragmatic force. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: ELLIPTED MODAL, HEDGING
EGP #1014 | C1 | QUESTIONS / alternatives Can form alternative questions with two clauses and ellipsis in the second clause, often as a hedging device. Lexical range: N/A
TAGS WITH 'THERE' + 'BE'
EGP #1022 | C1 | QUESTIONS / tags Can use affirmative and negative forms of question tags with 'there' + 'be'. Lexical range: N/A
FOCUS
EGP #1031 | C1 | QUESTIONS / wh- Can use 'wh-'questions as a focusing device, often in a narrative or argument. Lexical range: N/A
PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL VERB, STRANDED PREPOSITION
EGP #1046 | C1 | VERBS / phrasal-prepositional Can use verb + particle + preposition, where the preposition is separated from its complement. ► Prepositions Lexical range: N/A
VERB + PRONOUN + PARTICLE
EGP #1065 | C1 | VERBS / phrasal Can use a wide range of phrasal verbs + object pronoun + particle. Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE: VERBS OF SENSES + OBJECT + INFINITIVE
EGP #1093 | C1 | VERBS / patterns_with to and -ing Can use some verbs connected with the senses + direct object + infinitive without 'to' emphasising a complete action. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IF' + PAST PERFECT + MODAL VERBS IMAGINED SITUATION, REGRET
EGP #1120 | C1 | CLAUSES / conditional Can form conditional subordinate clauses with if + the past perfect simple and modal verb + 'have' + '-ed' in the main clause, to talk about imagined situations in the past, often with regret. Lexical range: N/A
ELLIPTED 'IF' CLAUSE
EGP #1121 | C1 | CLAUSES / conditional Can form ellipted 'if' clauses with 'if' + '-ed' form. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IF' + 'SHOULD', FORMAL, POLITE
EGP #1122 | C1 | CLAUSES / conditional Can form subordinate conditional clauses with 'if you should', in polite, formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
INVERTED CONDITIONAL CLAUSE, 'SHOULD'
EGP #1123 | C1 | CLAUSES / conditional Can introduce a conditional subordinate clause with 'should' + inverted subject. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: TEXTUAL REFERENCE
EGP #1142 | C1 | DISCOURSE MARKERS / discourse markers in writing Can use a range of phrases as discourse markers to point to other parts of a text. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: FIXED EXPRESSIONS, FRONTING
EGP #1165 | C1 | FOCUS / focus Can use fixed expressions in the front position for focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: IMPERATIVES
EGP #1166 | C1 | FOCUS / focus Can use imperatives as pointing devices within texts for focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WHAT' CLEFT CLAUSE
EGP #1167 | C1 | FOCUS / focus Can use 'What' + noun or pronoun + verb phrase as subject + 'be', for focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WH-'CLEFT CLAUSE, TITLES
EGP #1168 | C1 | FOCUS / focus Can use 'Wh-'cleft clauses as titles or subtitles, to point to something that follows, for focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NON-FINITE WITH '-ED' CLAUSES
EGP #1169 | C1 | FOCUS / focus Can use a non-finite subordinate clause with an '-ed' form, before a main clause, for focus, often in formal, academic or business contexts. Lexical range: N/A
'NONE', SUBSTITUTION
EGP #1196 | C1 | NEGATION / negation Can use negative pronoun 'none' to substitute for subject and object pronouns or noun phrases. ► pronouns: substitution Lexical range: N/A
'NOT ALL', 'NOT EVERY'
EGP #1197 | C1 | NEGATION / negation Can use 'not with indefinite pronouns 'everyone' and 'everything' and determiners 'every', 'all'. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY ? (BUT) ALSO' WITH INVERSION
EGP #1198 | C1 | NEGATION / negation Can use auxiliary 'do' + inverted subject after 'not only', to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT' + STANCE ADVERB, HEDGING
EGP #1199 | C1 | NEGATION / negation Can use 'not' + stance adverb, often in a mid position, to soften the directness of a statement. Lexical range: N/A
FORMAL
EGP #1200 | C1 | NEGATION / negation Can use '(very) few' meaning 'not many' to refer to people in formal written contexts, often reports or surveys. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WHATSOEVER', EMPHASIS
EGP #1201 | C1 | NEGATION / negation Can use 'whatsoever' after a negative form for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
CRITICISM
EGP #1236 | C1 | MODALITY / could Can use 'could have' + '-ed' form to express disapproval or criticism. Lexical range: N/A
CRITICISM
EGP #1237 | C1 | MODALITY / could Can use 'could have' + '-ed' form to express disapproval or criticism. Lexical range: N/A