在申请大学奖学金时，这些教授常常扮演着把关者的角色。

These professors often serve as ___gatekeepers when applying for university scholarships.

学术期刊的审稿人充当着把关者的角色，决定哪些研究能够发表。

Peer reviewers act as ___gatekeepers in academic journals, determining which research gets published.