Grammar
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
EGP #8 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / combining | lexical range 2 Can use an increasing range of compound adjectives ('up-to-date', 'state-of-the-art'). 制卡口径：使用比 B1 更广的复合形容词；整个复合形容词作为一个关键词。
PHRASES MODIFYING NOUNS
EGP #9 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / combining Can use adjective phrases to modify nouns. 制卡口径：形容词短语置于被修饰名词之后；关键词覆盖短语的结构核心。
FORM/USE: WITH 'A LOT'
EGP #26 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / comparatives Can use 'a lot' to modify and intensify comparative adjectives used predicatively after a verb, usually 'be'. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH 'MUCH' + NOUN
EGP #27 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / comparatives Can use 'much' to modify and intensify comparative adjectives used attributively before countable and uncountable nouns. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH 'SLIGHTLY'
EGP #28 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / comparatives Can use 'slightly' to modify comparative adjectives to a small degree. Lexical range: N/A
WITH 'ENOUGH' + 'TO'-INFINITIVE
EGP #40 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / modifying Can use 'enough' after adjectives followed by 'to'-infinitive Lexical range: N/A
WITH 'RATHER A'
EGP #41 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / modifying Can form adjective phrases with 'rather a' + adjective, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: DEGREE ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS
EGP #53 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / position Can use a limited range of degree adjectives ('real', 'absolute', 'complete') before a noun to express intensity. Lexical range: 1
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY, TIME ADJECTIVES
EGP #54 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / position Can use the adjectives 'present', 'future', 'former' before a noun. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH 'BY FAR'
EGP #74 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / superlatives Can use the premodifer 'by far' to make a superlative adjective stronger. Lexical range: N/A
ELLIPSIS, WITH 'THE'
EGP #75 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / superlatives Can use '(one of) the' with an increasing range of superlative adjectives without a following noun, when the noun is understood. Lexical range: 2
WITH NOUN AND 'TO-' INFINITIVE
EGP #76 | B2 | ADJECTIVES / superlatives Can use superlative adjectives before a noun + 'to'-infinitive. ► clauses: comparative Lexical range: N/A
TIME
EGP #105 | B2 | ADVERBS / adverbs as modifiers Can use a wide range of adverbs and adverb phrases to refer to the timing of an event. Lexical range: 3
MANNER
EGP #106 | B2 | ADVERBS / adverbs as modifiers Can use a wide range of manner adverbs to modify how something happpens. Lexical range: 3
DEGREE, MODIFYING NOUN PHRASES
EGP #121 | B2 | ADVERBS / adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings Can use degree adverbs to modify noun phrases. ► noun phrases Lexical range: N/A
DEGREE, MODIFYING PRONOUNS
EGP #122 | B2 | ADVERBS / adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings Can use degree adverbs to modify pronouns. ► pronouns Lexical range: N/A
DEGREE, MODIFYING DETERMINERS
EGP #123 | B2 | ADVERBS / adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings Can use degree adverbs ('almost', 'very') to modify determiners. ► determiners Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: FRONT POSITION, INVERSION WITH 'NEVER'
EGP #138 | B2 | ADVERBS / position Can use 'never' in front position followed by an inverted subject (most commonly 'I') + main verb verb, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
COMPARATIVE
EGP #144 | B2 | ADVERBS / adverb phrases - form Can modify an adverb with a comparative structure. Lexical range: N/A
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE + 'THAN' + NON-FINITE CLAUSE
EGP #160 | B2 | CLAUSES / comparatives .||Can use than + an increasing range of non-finite clauses (to-infinitive, reduced clause) forming the second part of a comparison after a comparative adjective|| Lexical range: 2
FORM/USE: SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE (+ 'THAT')
EGP #161 | B2 | CLAUSES / comparatives Can use a superlative adjective (+ noun) (+ 'that') followed by a clause to talk about something unique. Lexical range: N/A
ADJECTIVE + 'ENOUGH' + 'TO'-INFINITIVE
EGP #162 | B2 | CLAUSES / comparatives Can use 'enough' after adjectives followed by 'to'-infinitive. Lexical range: N/A
'THE SAME' (+ NOUN) + 'AS' + CLAUSE
EGP #163 | B2 | CLAUSES / comparatives Can use 'the same' (+ noun) + 'as' + clause. Lexical range: N/A
'RATHER THAN' + NON-FINITE CLAUSE
EGP #164 | B2 | CLAUSES / comparatives Can use 'rather than' + a non-finite clause to stress one element in a comparison. Lexical range: N/A
'AS IF' OR 'AS THOUGH' + FINITE CLAUSE
EGP #165 | B2 | CLAUSES / comparatives Can use 'as if' or 'as though' + finite clause to introduce a second clause as a comparison. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NEITHER … NOR', EMPHASIS
EGP #175 | B2 | CLAUSES / coordinated Can combine two main clauses of the same type using 'neither' in front or mid position, followed by 'nor' to introduce the second clause, for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY … BUT (ALSO)', FOCUS
EGP #176 | B2 | CLAUSES / coordinated Can combine clauses using 'not only' in mid position of the first clause followed by … 'but (also)' to introduce the second clause, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'LET'S NOT', SUGGESTION
EGP #195 | B2 | CLAUSES / imperatives Can use 'let's not' + base form of a main verb to make a suggestion. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'DO NOT', EMPHASIS
EGP #196 | B2 | CLAUSES / imperatives Can use 'do not' for emphasis or in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE + ADVERB
EGP #213 | B2 | CLAUSES / interrogatives Can form negative interrogative clauses with an adverb in mid position, between the subject and the main verb. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
EGP #218 | B2 | CLAUSES / phrases/exclamations Can use the negative interrogative form of an auxiliary verb to express surprise or enthusiasm. Lexical range: N/A
PRONOUN + PREPOSITION
EGP #236 | B2 | CLAUSES / relative Can use defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses ending in a preposition, with 'who/which/that' as the complement of the preposition. Lexical range: N/A
NON-DEFINING, WITH 'WHOSE'
EGP #237 | B2 | CLAUSES / relative Can use non-defining relative clauses with 'whose', to give additional information. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: DEFINING, WITH 'WHOSE'
EGP #238 | B2 | CLAUSES / relative Can use defining relative clauses with 'whose', to give more information about relationship. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: SENTENCE, EVALUATIVE
EGP #239 | B2 | CLAUSES / relative Can use a relative clause to refer to a whole clause or sentence, often to express an opinion or evaluation or give a reason. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NON-FINITE WITH '-ING'
EGP #248 | B2 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can use a non-finite subordinate clause with 'after' + 'having/being' + '-ed' form, before a main clause, to refer to past time. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: CONDITIONS
EGP #249 | B2 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can use a finite subordinate clause, before or after a main clause, with conjunctions to introduce conditions. ► clauses: conditionals Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: '-ING' CLAUSE
EGP #251 | B2 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can use a non-finite clause, introduced by '-ing' before a main clause, to give more information. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NEITHER … NOR'
EGP #268 | B2 | CONJUNCTIONS / coordinating Can use 'neither … nor' to connect two words, phrases or clauses, often to give emphasis or focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'BOTH … AND' WITH PHRASES AND CLAUSES
EGP #269 | B2 | CONJUNCTIONS / coordinating Can use 'both … and' to combine phrases and clauses, often for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
SIMPLE
EGP #279 | B2 | CONJUNCTIONS / subordinating Can use a wide range of simple subordinating conjunctions ('once, whereas, unless, except (that) provided (that)'), to introduce a subordinate clause. Lexical range: 3
COMPLEX
EGP #280 | B2 | CONJUNCTIONS / subordinating Can use more complex subordinating conjunctions ('as long as, as soon as, in order that, despite the fact that, due to the fact that, as if, as though') to introduce a subordinate clause. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'THE MORE … THE MORE …'
EGP #297 | B2 | DETERMINERS / articles Can use the in comparative phrases 'more', 'less', 'worse', 'better … the more', 'less', 'worse …' to talk about one thing that is affected by another. ► comparative clauses Lexical range: N/A
'ITS'
EGP #323 | B2 | DETERMINERS / possessives Can use possessive determiner 'its' before nouns to refer to a singular inanimate subject or object. Lexical range: N/A
GENERIC 'THEIR'
EGP #324 | B2 | DETERMINERS / possessives Can use 'their' before nouns to refer to a generic body or group of people expressed as a singular subject. ► generic pronouns Lexical range: N/A
PLURAL NOUN + 'S''
EGP #325 | B2 | DETERMINERS / possessives Can use 's'' after plural nouns to indicate possession. Lexical range: N/A
OF + NOUN PHRASE ''S'
EGP #326 | B2 | DETERMINERS / possessives Can use ''s' after a noun phrase with of to indicate possession. Lexical range: N/A
'LITTLE/FEW'
EGP #348 | B2 | DETERMINERS / quantity Can use modifier + 'little' + uncountable nouns and modifier + 'few' + countable nouns, to indicate a lack of something or not as much as expected of something.► adverbs Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #357 | B2 | FUTURE / future continuous Can use 'yes/no' and 'wh-' question forms with 'will'. Lexical range: N/A
POLITENESS
EGP #358 | B2 | FUTURE / future continuous Can use the future continuous with 'will' as a polite question form, in place of the present simple or future simple. Lexical range: N/A
'BE ABOUT TO'
EGP #360 | B2 | FUTURE / future expressions with be Can use the present forms of 'be' + 'about to'. Lexical range: N/A
'BE DUE TO'
EGP #361 | B2 | FUTURE / future expressions with be Can use the present form of 'be' + 'due to'. Lexical range: N/A
'BE TO'
EGP #362 | B2 | FUTURE / future expressions with be Can use the present form of 'be' + 'to'. Lexical range: N/A
IMMEDIATE FUTURE WITH 'BE ABOUT TO'
EGP #363 | B2 | FUTURE / future expressions with be Can use 'be about to' to talk about the immediate future, often with 'just'. Lexical range: N/A
OBLIGATIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS WITH 'BE TO'
EGP #364 | B2 | FUTURE / future expressions with be Can use 'be to' talk about future obligations and to give instructions. Lexical range: N/A
SCHEDULES
EGP #365 | B2 | FUTURE / future expressions with be Can use 'be due to' and, more formally, 'be to' talk about things that are scheduled or expected. Lexical range: N/A
'BE ABOUT TO'
EGP #368 | B2 | FUTURE / future in the past Can use the simple past form of 'be' + 'about to' (often with 'just') to talk about the immediate future from a point in the past. Lexical range: N/A
'BE ON THE POINT OF'
EGP #369 | B2 | FUTURE / future in the past Can use the simple past form of 'be' + 'on the point of' + '-ing' to talk about things that were expected to happen soon after a point in the past. Lexical range: N/A
AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #371 | B2 | FUTURE / future perfect continuous Can use the affirmative form with 'will'. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #372 | B2 | FUTURE / future perfect continuous Lexical range: N/A
LOOKING BACK FROM A POINT IN THE FUTURE
EGP #373 | B2 | FUTURE / future perfect continuous Can use the future perfect continuous to look back to the past from a point in the future and to emphasise the duration of an activity or event. Lexical range: N/A
AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #375 | B2 | FUTURE / future perfect simple Can use the affirmative form with 'will'. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #376 | B2 | FUTURE / future perfect simple Can use the negative form with 'will'. Lexical range: N/A
EVENTS COMPLETED IN THE FUTURE
EGP #377 | B2 | FUTURE / future perfect simple Can use the future perfect simple with 'will' to talk about something which is expected to be completed (or not completed) by a certain point in the future. Lexical range: N/A
FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS
EGP #416 | B2 | FUTURE / present continuous for future use Can use the present continuous with a wide range of verbs to talk about future arrangements. Lexical range: 3
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FUTURE
EGP #417 | B2 | FUTURE / present continuous for future use Can use the present continuous with a wide range of common verbs to ask about future plans. Lexical range: 3
'IT' + LINKING VERB + ADJECTIVES + CLAUSE
EGP #430 | B2 | MODALITY / adjectives Can use 'it' + linking verb + adjective + ('that') clause. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IT' + LINKING VERB + ADJECTIVES + CLAUSE, HEDGING
EGP #431 | B2 | MODALITY / adjectives Can use 'it' + linking verb + adjective + ('that') clause to make an assertion less direct. Lexical range: N/A
SUBJECT + 'BE' + ADJECTIVE + 'TO' + INFINITIVE
EGP #432 | B2 | MODALITY / adjectives Can use pronoun or noun + 'be' + adjective + 'to' + (past) infinitive. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IT' + LINKING VERB + ADJECTIVES + ('THAT') CLAUSE, FOCUS
EGP #433 | B2 | MODALITY / adjectives Can use 'it' + linking verb + adjective + ('that') clause as a focusing device. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #448 | B2 | MODALITY / can Can use 'can' with an increasing range of adverbs (including 'easily', 'hardly', 'now', 'probably', 'sometimes', 'still') in the normal mid position after the modal verb or after the subject in questions. ► adverbs Lexical range: 2
GENERAL TRUTHS AND TENDENCIES
EGP #449 | B2 | MODALITY / can Can use 'can' to talk about general truths and tendencies. Lexical range: N/A
GUESSES AND PREDICTIONS
EGP #450 | B2 | MODALITY / can Can use the negative forms of 'can't' and 'cannot' to guess, predict and deduce. Lexical range: N/A
REPROACHES AND APPEALS
EGP #451 | B2 | MODALITY / can Can use negative forms of 'can' to make reproaches or appeals. Lexical range: N/A
AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #457 | B2 | MODALITY / dare Can use affirmative form dare + infinitive without to. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #458 | B2 | MODALITY / dare Can use negative form dare not and daren't + infinitive without to. Lexical range: N/A
BRAVADO
EGP #459 | B2 | MODALITY / dare Can use semi-modal 'dare' to talk about being brave enough to do something. Lexical range: N/A
'BE' EXPRESSIONS + INFINITIVE
EGP #470 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use the full range of expressions with 'be' + infinitive ('be likely to', 'be due to', 'be meant to', 'be bound to', 'be sure to', 'be certain to', 'be obliged to') with present and past forms of 'be' and with modal 'will' . Lexical range: 3
'BE' + ADJECTIVE + 'THAT'
EGP #471 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be' + 'obvious/sure/likely/certain' followed by a 'that'-clause. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'BE MORE/LESS LIKELY', COMPARISON
EGP #472 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use '(much) more/less' to modify 'likely' in a comparison. Lexical range: N/A
'BE LIKELY TO', PROBABILITY
EGP #473 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be' (+modifier) 'likely to' to talk about probability. Lexical range: N/A
'BE DUE TO', 'BE TO', SCHEDULES
EGP #474 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be due to' and, more formally, 'be to' to talk about things that are scheduled or expected. Lexical range: N/A
'BE MEANT TO', IDEAL STATES
EGP #475 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be meant to' to talk about ideal states. Lexical range: N/A
'BE SUPPOSED TO', OBLIGATION, EXPECTATION
EGP #476 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be supposed to' to talk about expectation or obligation. Lexical range: N/A
'BE SUPPOSED TO', HEARSAY
EGP #477 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be supposed to' to talk about hearsay or supposition. Lexical range: N/A
'BE BOUND TO', CERTAINTY
EGP #478 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be' (+ modifier) 'bound to' to talk about something certain or inevitable. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: IMPERATIVE
EGP #479 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use the imperative form 'be sure to', to express obligation. Lexical range: N/A
'BE SURE/CERTAIN TO'
EGP #480 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be sure to', 'be certain to' to talk about certainty. Lexical range: N/A
'BE OBLIGED TO', OBLIGATION
EGP #481 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be obliged to' to talk about an external obligation, especially in institutional contexts. Lexical range: N/A
'BE FORCED TO', OBLIGATION
EGP #482 | B2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be forced to' to talk about an unnamed obligation, where the circumstances are beyond the control of the speaker/writer. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: PAST AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #503 | B2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may have' + '-ed' to talk about possibility in the past. Lexical range: N/A
COMMAND
EGP #505 | B2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may I' to make a polite request, command or suggestion in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FOCUSING
EGP #506 | B2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may' in phrases such as as 'you may know', or 'as you may have' + '-ed' to focus the reader on shared knowledge. Lexical range: N/A
OPINION
EGP #507 | B2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may … but' to express an unexpected point of view. Lexical range: N/A
POLITE REQUEST
EGP #508 | B2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may I' to make a polite request for permission. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #540 | B2 | MODALITY / must Can use the question form. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #541 | B2 | MODALITY / must Can use 'must' with an increasing range of adverbs (including 'all', 'never', 'strongly', 'first') in the normal mid position after the modal verb. ► adverbs Lexical range: 2
CONCESSIONS
EGP #542 | B2 | MODALITY / must Can use the fixed expression 'I must admit' or 'you must admit' to express concession. Lexical range: N/A
DEDUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
EGP #543 | B2 | MODALITY / must Can use the perfect form of 'must' to make deductions about the past. Lexical range: N/A
EMPHASIS
EGP #544 | B2 | MODALITY / must Can use the fixed expression 'I must say' to give emphasis, usually about something positive. Lexical range: N/A
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
EGP #545 | B2 | MODALITY / must Can use 'must' to ask about obligation and necessity. Lexical range: N/A
RULES
EGP #546 | B2 | MODALITY / must Can use the negative forms of 'must' to talk about what is not permitted. Lexical range: N/A
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
EGP #552 | B2 | MODALITY / need Can use 'needn't' to talk about a lack of obligation. Lexical range: N/A
ELLIPSIS
EGP #558 | B2 | MODALITY / ought Can use 'ought to' without a following verb where the previous main verb is understood. ► ellipsis Lexical range: N/A
DESIRED STATES
EGP #559 | B2 | MODALITY / ought Can use 'ought to' to talk about desired states of affairs. Lexical range: N/A
ELLIPSIS
EGP #590 | B2 | MODALITY / should Can use 'should' and 'shouldn't' without a following verb where the previous main verb is understood. Lexical range: N/A
'SHOULD BE' + '-ING'
EGP #591 | B2 | MODALITY / should Can use 'should be' + '-ing'. Lexical range: N/A
EXPECTATIONS
EGP #592 | B2 | MODALITY / should Can use 'should be' + '-ing' to talk about expectations. Lexical range: N/A
OBLIGATION
EGP #593 | B2 | MODALITY / should Can use 'should be' + '-ing' to talk about present general obligation. Lexical range: N/A
ELLIPSIS
EGP #599 | B2 | MODALITY / used to Can use 'used to' without a following verb where the previous main verb is understood. ► ellipsis Lexical range: N/A
REQUESTS
EGP #613 | B2 | MODALITY / will Can use 'will' (particularly 'Will you please') to make requests and commands in a wide range of contexts. Lexical range: 3
HABITUAL PAST
EGP #636 | B2 | MODALITY / would Can use 'would' to talk about habitual actions and events in the past. Lexical range: N/A
NOUN + 'OF' + POSSESSIVE DETERMINER + NOUN
EGP #669 | B2 | NOUNS / noun phrases Can form noun phrases with noun + 'of' + possessive determiner + noun + '‘s', particularly with 'friend' or 'friends'. Lexical range: N/A
POSSESSION WITH PLURAL NOUNS + '
EGP #670 | B2 | NOUNS / noun phrases Can form noun phrases with plural nouns + ' + noun. Lexical range: N/A
POSTMODIFYING WITH ADJECTIVE PHRASE
EGP #671 | B2 | NOUNS / noun phrases Can form complex noun phrases by using adjective phrases as postmodifiers to give more information about the noun. Lexical range: N/A
COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES WITH ADJECTIVES COMBINED WITH 'BUT'
EGP #672 | B2 | NOUNS / noun phrases Can form an increasing range of complex noun phrases with more than one adjective combined with 'but'. Lexical range: N/A
FORM'-ING' FORMS, SUBJECT
EGP #682 | B2 | NOUNS / types Can use the '-ing' form of verbs as nouns in subject position. Lexical range: 2
NO ARTICLE
EGP #696 | B2 | NOUNS / uncountable Can use uncountable nouns without a definite article to refer to an abstract thing in general. Lexical range: N/A
INFINITIVE
EGP #715 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the passive infinitive affirmative and negative forms after an increasing range of main verbs, modal verbs, adjectives and nouns, in impersonal constructions. Lexical range: 2
MODAL PERFECT
EGP #716 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the present perfect simple affirmative and negative forms with modal verbs to refer to the past. Lexical range: N/A
PAST CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE.
EGP #717 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the past continuous passive affirmative. Lexical range: N/A
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #718 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the past perfect passive affirmative form. Lexical range: N/A
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, NEGATIVE
EGP #719 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the past perfect passive negative form. Lexical range: N/A
PAST SIMPLE NEGATIVE
EGP #720 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use past simple passive negative. Lexical range: N/A
PRESENT CONTINUOUS, AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #721 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the present continuous passive affirmative with an increasing range of verbs. Lexical range: 2
PRESENT CONTINUOUS, NEGATIVE
EGP #722 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the present continuous passive negative. Lexical range: N/A
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE, AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #723 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the present perfect passive affirmative form (often in the context of reporting). ► reported speech Lexical range: N/A
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE, NEGATIVE
EGP #724 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the present perfect passive negative form (often in the context of reporting). ► reported speech Lexical range: N/A
WITH MODAL VERBS
EGP #725 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the passive with modal verbs in a range of contexts, with a variety of subjects. Lexical range: N/A
WITH VERBS TAKING TWO OBJECTS, , WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
EGP #726 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the passive with a range of tenses and verbs needing two objects (e.g. give, offer, sell) with the direct object in subject position and the indirect object in a prepositional phrase. Lexical range: N/A
WITH VERBS TAKING TWO OBJECTS.
EGP #727 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the passive with a wide range of verbs needing two objects, putting the indirect object in subject position. Lexical range: 2
SUMMARIES AND EVALUATIONS
EGP #728 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the passive with modal verbs to evaluate or summarise. Lexical range: N/A
WITH 'WILL', FUTURE REFERENCE
EGP #729 | B2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use the passive with 'will' to talk about the future. Lexical range: N/A
'GET' + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN + '-ED'
EGP #737 | B2 | PASSIVES / get and have Can use a reflexive pronoun with the 'get'-passive. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'HAVE' + OBJ + '-ED', PROACTIVE PASSIVE
EGP #738 | B2 | PASSIVES / get and have Can use have + object + -ed to talk about something where the speaker is in a pro-active or a passive role. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'GET' + OBJECT + 'TO'-INFINITIVE
EGP #739 | B2 | PASSIVES / get and have Can use 'get' + object + 'to'-infinitive to talk about causing someone to do something. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #752 | B2 | PAST / past continuous Can use the past continuous with a wide range of adverbs in the normal mid position. Lexical range: 3
POLITENESS
EGP #753 | B2 | PAST / past continuous Can use the past continuous to make a request or suggestions more polite or less direct. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION WITH RELATIVE CLAUSE
EGP #758 | B2 | PAST / past perfect continuous Can use the past perfect continuous in a relative clause to give background information. ► relative clauses Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION WITH TIME CONJUNCTION
EGP #759 | B2 | PAST / past perfect continuous Can use the past perfect continuous after a time conjunction to give background information. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #760 | B2 | PAST / past perfect continuous Can use the negative form. Lexical range: 1
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #761 | B2 | PAST / past perfect continuous Can use the past perfect continuous with adverbs in the normal mid position. Lexical range: N/A
RESULTS
EGP #762 | B2 | PAST / past perfect continuous Can use the past perfect continuous to talk about events which started before a time in the past and which finished, but where the effects or results were still important at a point in the past. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: AFTER 'BECAUSE', EXPLANATIONS
EGP #769 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use the past perfect simple after 'because' to give explanatory information. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: AFTER 'IF ONLY' AND 'WISH', IMAGINED PAST
EGP #770 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use the affirmative form after 'if only', and the affirmative and negative forms after 'wish' to talk about regret. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: INVERSION WITH 'NEVER (BEFORE)'
EGP #771 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can invert the subject and auxiliary verb after 'never (before)' to talk about a unique event, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: INVERSION WITH 'NO SOONER ? THAN'
EGP #772 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can invert the subject and auxiliary verb with 'no sooner ? than' to talk about something that happened immediately before something else, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
ELLIPSIS
EGP #773 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can leave out the subject before the past perfect simple where it is understood from the previous clause. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #774 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use question forms. Lexical range: N/A
BACKGROUND INFORMATION, RELATIVE CLAUSE
EGP #776 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use the past perfect simple in relative clauses to give background information. ► relative clauses Lexical range: N/A
CHANGE OF SITUATION
EGP #777 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use the past perfect simple to talk about situations which changed. Lexical range: N/A
REPORTS OF QUESTIONS
EGP #778 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use the past perfect simple to report questions, where the main verb in the reporting clause is in the past simple. ► reported speech Lexical range: N/A
REPORTS OF STATEMENTS
EGP #779 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use the past perfect simple to report statements, where the main verb in the reporting clause is in the past simple. ► reported speech Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #797 | B2 | PAST / past simple Can use the negative form with a wide range of regular and irregular verbs. Lexical range: 1
QUESTIONS
EGP #798 | B2 | PAST / past simple Can use 'yes/no', 'wh-', tag and negative question forms with an increasing range of verbs. Lexical range: 2
WITH SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
EGP #799 | B2 | PAST / past simple Can use the past simple with a range of subordinating conjunctions, including 'as soon as', 'before', 'if', 'once', 'since', 'so', 'until', 'when', 'while'. Lexical range: N/A
WITH TIME ADJUNCTS
EGP #800 | B2 | PAST / past simple Can use a range of time adjuncts with the past simple. Lexical range: N/A
POLITENESS AFTER 'IF'
EGP #801 | B2 | PAST / past simple Can use the past simple after 'if' as a politeness structure, especially in letters and emails. Lexical range: N/A
POLITENESS: 'I WONDERED' AND 'I WANTED'
EGP #802 | B2 | PAST / past simple Can use the past simple with 'I wondered' and 'I wanted' as politeness structures, when making polite requests and thanking. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #812 | B2 | PAST / present perfect continuous Can use the negative form. Lexical range: 1
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #813 | B2 | PAST / present perfect continuous Can use the present perfect continuous with adverbs in the normal mid position. Lexical range: 2
RECENT PAST
EGP #814 | B2 | PAST / present perfect continuous Can use the present perfect continuous to focus on a finished activity in the recent past but where the effects or results are still important or relevant. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH 'STILL'
EGP #832 | B2 | PAST / present perfect simple Can use the negative form of the present perfect simple with 'still' to emphasise that something that was expected to happen continues not to happen. ► adverbs Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #833 | B2 | PAST / present perfect simple Can use the question form with an increasing range of verbs. Lexical range: 2
FORM/USE: FORMAL
EGP #849 | B2 | PREPOSITIONS / prepositions Can use less frequent simple prepositions, often in a more formal, literary or business context. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE FREQUENCY
EGP #861 | B2 | PRESENT / present continuous Can use the present continuous with an increasing range of adverbs of indefinite frequency, often to talk about surprising or undesirable situations or events. Lexical range: N/A
INVERSION WITH 'NOT ONLY ? BUT ALSO'
EGP #883 | B2 | PRESENT / present simple Can use the inverted form of the past simple with auxiliary 'do', in the phrase 'not only ? but also'. Lexical range: N/A
SPEECH ACT VERBS
EGP #884 | B2 | PRESENT / present simple Can use the present simple with a wide range of speech act verbs, including '(dis)agree', 'accept', 'advise'. Lexical range: 3
STORIES AND COMMENTARIES
EGP #885 | B2 | PRESENT / present simple Can use the present simple to summarise events or plot in a story or piece of history, often to give immediate dramatic interest. Lexical range: N/A
+ 'OF OURS'
EGP #896 | B2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'ours' after noun + 'of'. Lexical range: N/A
COMPARATIVE CLAUSES WITH 'OURS', 'HERS'
EGP #897 | B2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronouns 'hers' and 'ours' in comparative clauses. Lexical range: N/A
'HERS' AS OBJECT
EGP #898 | B2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'hers', with singular reference, in object positions, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions. Lexical range: N/A
'OURS' AS OBJECT
EGP #899 | B2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'ours' with singular and plural reference, in object positions, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions. Lexical range: N/A
'OURS' AS SUBJECT
EGP #900 | B2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'ours', with singular and plural reference, in subject position. Lexical range: N/A
'THEIRS' AS OBJECT
EGP #901 | B2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'theirs', with singular and plural reference, in object positions, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'BY' + PLURAL
EGP #913 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use plural reflexive pronouns with 'by' to mean alone, without any help. Lexical range: N/A
'BY ITSELF'
EGP #914 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use the reflexive pronoun 'itself' with 'by' to mean alone or without any help. Lexical range: N/A
PLURAL, AFTER PREPOSITIONS
EGP #915 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use plural reflexive pronouns after prepositions where the object of the preposition is the same as the subject of the verb. Lexical range: N/A
SAME SUBJECT AND OBJECT, PLURAL
EGP #916 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use plural reflexive pronouns to refer to actions where the subject and object of the verb are the same. Lexical range: N/A
'IN ITSELF', INTENSIFYING
EGP #917 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use the fixed expression 'in itself' as an intensifier . Lexical range: N/A
PLURAL, FOR EMPHASIS
EGP #919 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use plural reflexive pronouns for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
'YOURSELVES', FOR POLITENESS
EGP #920 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use the plural reflexive pronoun 'yourselves' for politeness. Lexical range: N/A
(OBJECT) USING 'IT' TO INTRODUCE
EGP #932 | B2 | PRONOUNS / subject/ object Can use 'it' as an object with 'make' to introduce something the speaker or writer is going to refer to. Lexical range: N/A
(SUBJECT) ELLIPSIS
EGP #933 | B2 | PRONOUNS / subject/ object Can leave out the subject pronoun with a limited range of verbs, in informal contexts. ► ellipsis Lexical range: N/A
(SUBJECT) EMPTY 'IT'
EGP #934 | B2 | PRONOUNS / subject/ object Can use dummy 'it' with 'appears', 'feels', 'looks' and 'seems'. Lexical range: N/A
(SUBJECT) 'ONE'
EGP #935 | B2 | PRONOUNS / subject/ object Can use 'one' as a generic personal pronoun in the subject position to mean people in general. ► generic pronouns Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE: 'THESE ONES', 'THOSE ONES' SUBSTITUTION
EGP #953 | B2 | PRONOUNS / demonstratives Can use 'these ones', 'those ones' as a substitute for plural countable nouns that have previously been mentioned. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'THOSE', SUBSTITUTION
EGP #954 | B2 | PRONOUNS / demonstratives Can use 'those' as a substitute, followed by a relative clause or '-ed' or '-ing'. Lexical range: N/A
SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS, 'EACH', 'SEVERAL', 'NEITHER', 'ENOUGH'
EGP #962 | B2 | PRONOUNS / quantity Can use pronouns 'each', 'either', 'enough', 'neither', 'several' as subject and object pronouns. Lexical range: N/A
WITH 'OF' + OBJECT PRONOUN
EGP #963 | B2 | PRONOUNS / quantity Can use a wide range of pronouns ('neither', 'either', 'none') with 'of' followed by an object pronoun. Lexical range: 3
'THESE ONES', 'THOSE ONES'
EGP #979 | B2 | PRONOUNS / substitution, one, ones, none Can use 'these ones', 'those ones' as a substitute for plural countable nouns which have already been mentioned or are obvious from the context. Lexical range: N/A
SUBJECT
EGP #994 | B2 | PRONOUNS / indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc Can use the full range of indefinite pronouns as subjects, with a singular verb. Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE: WITH RELATIVE CLAUSES, FOCUS
EGP #995 | B2 | PRONOUNS / indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc Can use indefinite pronouns with a relative clause to form complex noun phrases, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
VAGUE EXPRESSIONS
EGP #996 | B2 | PRONOUNS / indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc Can use indefinite pronouns in vague expressions to refer to things in a non-specific way. Lexical range: N/A
'WE', 'US', GENERAL
EGP #1001 | B2 | PRONOUNS / generic use Can use 'we' and 'us' to refer to people in general. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: GENDER NEUTRAL
EGP #1002 | B2 | PRONOUNS / generic use Can use 'they/them' to refer back to indefinite pronouns when we do not know the number or gender. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: GENDER NEUTRAL
EGP #1003 | B2 | PRONOUNS / generic use Can use 'he/she', 'he' or 'she' or 'they' to refer back to gender neutral singular nouns or indefinite pronouns when we are not sure of the gender. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'ONE ANOTHER', FORMAL
EGP #1005 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reciprocal Can use 'one another' as the object of a verb or complement of a preposition to talk about the mutual behaviour of two or more people, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: TAGS WITH IMPERATIVES AS SOFTENERS
EGP #1021 | B2 | QUESTIONS / tags Can use an affirmative or negative tag after an imperative clause to soften the imperative. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS WITH MAIN VERBS
EGP #1030 | B2 | QUESTIONS / wh- Can use 'wh-'words + the negative form of auxiliary 'do' + subject + main verb to form 'wh-'questions. Lexical range: N/A
VERB + PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT
EGP #1045 | B2 | VERBS / phrasal-prepositional Can use an increasing range of verb + particle + preposition + noun or pronoun. Lexical range: 2
PREPOSITIONAL VERB, STRANDED PREPOSITION
EGP #1050 | B2 | VERBS / prepositional Can use verb + preposition, where the preposition is separated from its complement. Lexical range: N/A
VERB + ADVERB + PREPOSITION
EGP #1051 | B2 | VERBS / prepositional Can use an adverb between the verb and the preposition. Lexical range: N/A
VERB + NOUN + PARTICLE
EGP #1064 | B2 | VERBS / phrasal Can use phrasal verbs + nouns as object + particle. Lexical range: N/A
SEMI-MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS, 'DARE', 'NEED'
EGP #1075 | B2 | VERBS / types Can use semi-modal auxiliary verbs, 'dare' and 'need'. Lexical range: N/A
VERB + '-ING' FORM
EGP #1089 | B2 | VERBS / patterns_with to and -ing Can use an increasing range of verbs followed by an '-ing' form. Lexical range: 2
VERB + NEW SUBJECT + '-ING' FORM
EGP #1090 | B2 | VERBS / patterns_with to and -ing Can introduce a new subject before the '-ing' form (using noun or object pronoun). Lexical range: N/A
'TO'-INFINITIVE OR '-ING' FORM, MEANING
EGP #1091 | B2 | VERBS / patterns_with to and -ing Can follow some verbs with a 'to'-infinitive or an '-ing' form, with a change in meaning. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: VERBS OF SENSES + OBJECT + '-ING'
EGP #1092 | B2 | VERBS / patterns_with to and -ing Can use some verbs connected with the senses + direct object + an '-ing' form, to give emphasis to an ongoing activity. Lexical range: N/A
'THERE' + VERBS WITH MODAL MEANING
EGP #1101 | B2 | VERBS / there is/are Can use 'there' with other verbs with modal meaning + 'be' + complement. Lexical range: N/A
LINKING + COMPLEMENT
EGP #1104 | B2 | VERBS / linking Can use a wide range of linking verbs with complements. Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS, CONDITIONS
EGP #1119 | B2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use conditional subordinate clauses with a range of conjunctions ('as long as', 'provided') + present simple or present continuous, with future reference. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: COMPARING
EGP #1139 | B2 | DISCOURSE MARKERS / discourse markers in writing Can use a range of phrases as discourse markers to introduce a comparison. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: ORGANISING, OPENINGS AND CLOSINGS, FORMAL
EGP #1140 | B2 | DISCOURSE MARKERS / discourse markers in writing Can use a range of phrases as discourse markers to open and close texts and point to conclusions, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: SUMMARISING, FORMAL
EGP #1141 | B2 | DISCOURSE MARKERS / discourse markers in writing Can use a range of phrases as discourse markers to summarise. Lexical range: N/A
DIRECT SPEECH, REPORTING CLAUSE, MID POSITION
EGP #1153 | B2 | REPORTED SPEECH / reported speech Can report speech and thought directly using the reporting verb in the mid position of the reported clause. Lexical range: N/A
DIRECT SPEECH, REPORTING CLAUSE, INVERTED SUBJECT
EGP #1154 | B2 | REPORTED SPEECH / reported speech Can report speech directly inverting the subject and verb in the reporting clause where the subject is a proper noun or noun phrase. Lexical range: N/A
MODIFICATION, REPORTING VERB + ADVERB
EGP #1155 | B2 | REPORTED SPEECH / reported speech Can modify the reporting verb with an adverb. Lexical range: N/A
REPORTED REQUESTS AND COMMANDS, NEGATIVE
EGP #1156 | B2 | REPORTED SPEECH / reported speech Can report requests and commands with 'ask' or 'tell' + direct object + 'not' + 'to-'infinitive. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: CITATION, PRESENT SIMPLE
EGP #1157 | B2 | REPORTED SPEECH / reported speech Can use the present simple form of the reporting verb to report information from a written source and a present tense verb in the reported clause. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: REPORTING VERBS, PAST CONTINUOUS
EGP #1158 | B2 | REPORTED SPEECH / reported speech Can use the past continuous of the reporting verb to report mental processes, with a finite or non-finite 'wh-'clause in the reported clause. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: TEMPORAL SHIFTS, PAST
EGP #1159 | B2 | REPORTED SPEECH / reported speech Can report speech about events in the past with backshifts for tenses and words relating to time. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'THE REASON (THAT)', 'THE PLACE (WHICH)' + CLAUSE, SUBJECT
EGP #1163 | B2 | FOCUS / focus Can use 'The reason (that)', 'The place (which)' + clause as subject + 'be' for focus. ► Relative clauses Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'THE THING/ FACT/ POINT/ PROBLEM IS (THAT)'
EGP #1164 | B2 | FOCUS / focus Can use 'The thing, fact, point, problem, or reason + is (that)' for focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT', EMPHASIS
EGP #1192 | B2 | NEGATION / negation Can use uncontracted 'not' for emphasis or in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NEVER', INVERTED FRONT POSITION, FOCUS
EGP #1193 | B2 | NEGATION / negation Can use 'never' in front position followed by an inverted subject (most commonly 'I') + main verb, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NEITHER ? NOR'
EGP #1194 | B2 | NEGATION / negation Can use 'neither ? nor' to connect two words, phrases or clauses, often to give emphasis or focus. Lexical range: N/A
'NEITHER OF', 'NONE OF' + PRONOUN
EGP #1195 | B2 | NEGATION / negation Can use negative forms 'neither of' and 'none of' + pronoun or noun phrase with the affirmative form of the verb. Lexical range: N/A
PAST
EGP #1226 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can used 'could' have + '-ed'. Lexical range: N/A
PAST POSSIBILITY
EGP #1228 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can used affirmative 'could' have + '-ed' to talk about past possibility. Lexical range: N/A
PAST POSSIBILITY
EGP #1229 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can used affirmative 'could' have + '-ed' to talk about past possibility. Lexical range: N/A
PAST SPECULATION
EGP #1230 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can use 'could have' + '-ed' to speculate about the past. Lexical range: N/A
PAST SPECULATION
EGP #1231 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can use 'could have' + '-ed' to speculate about the past. Lexical range: N/A
REGRET
EGP #1232 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can use 'could have' + '-ed' to talk about regrets. Lexical range: N/A
REGRET
EGP #1233 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can use 'could have' + '-ed' to talk about regrets. Lexical range: N/A
REPORTED SPEECH
EGP #1234 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can use 'could' as the past form of 'can' in reported speech. Lexical range: N/A
REPORTED SPEECH
EGP #1235 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can use 'could' as the past form of 'can' in reported speech. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #504 | B2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may' with an increasing range of adverbs (most commonly 'even', 'only', 'already', 'never', 'just', 'sometimes') in the normal mid-position after the modal verb. ► adverbs Lexical range: 2
PAST AFFIRMATIVE
EGP #539 | B2 | MODALITY / must Can use 'must have' + '-ed'. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #551 | B2 | MODALITY / need Can use the negative form. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #775 | B2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use the past perfect simple with a wide range of adverbs (including 'finally', 'recently', 'simply') in the normal mid-position. ► adverbs Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE: PREPOSITION + 'WH-'WORD
EGP #848 | B2 | PREPOSITIONS / prepositions Can use preposition + relative pronoun as complement, to avoid preposition stranding, often in formal contexts. ► Clauses: relative Lexical range: N/A
'ITSELF', FOR EMPHASIS
EGP #918 | B2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use the singular pronoun 'itself' for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
VERB + PARTICLE + OBJECT
EGP #1063 | B2 | VERBS / phrasal Can use a wide range of phrasal verbs + particle + object. Lexical range: 3
PAST
EGP #1227 | B2 | MODALITY / could Can used 'could' have + '-ed'. Lexical range: N/A
NO OBJECT
EGP #1062 | B2 | VERBS / phrasal Can use a wide range of phrasal verbs without an object. Lexical range: 3
SUGGESTION
EGP #493 | B2 | MODALITY / have (got) to Can use 'you (have) got to' to make a strong suggestion. Lexical range: N/A
COMPLEX
EGP #847 | B2 | PREPOSITIONS / prepositions Can use a wide range of complex prepositions. Lexical range: 3