C2
COMBINING MULTIPLE ADJECTIVES
EGP #11 | C2 | ADJECTIVES / combining Can combine more complex, lengthy strings of adjectives, joining the last two adjectives with 'and'. 制卡口径：使用四个较复杂的描述项；前项用逗号，最后一项前用 and。
FOCUS
EGP #12 | C2 | ADJECTIVES / combining Can use a list of adjectives in ellipted clauses before and after a noun, to give focus. 制卡口径：形容词列表独立置于句首，或以破折号插入名词之后，形成聚焦说明。
FORM/USE: WITH 'NO' OR 'NOT ANY'
EGP #29 | C2 | ADJECTIVES / comparatives Can use 'no' / 'not any' with comparative adjectives to limit the scale of comparison. ► comparative clauses Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH 'NOT THAT MUCH'
EGP #30 | C2 | ADJECTIVES / comparatives Can use 'not that much' to modify comparative adjectives to a small degree. ► comparative clauses Lexical range: N/A
COMPARISON
EGP #43 | C2 | ADJECTIVES / modifying Can use adjectives in 'as … as' and 'so … that' in comparative structures. ► comparative clauses Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: DEGREE ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS
EGP #56 | C2 | ADJECTIVES / position Can use an increasing range of adjectives before a noun to express intensity. Lexical range: 2
FORM/USE: 'SLIGHTEST', 'FAINTEST'
EGP #79 | C2 | ADJECTIVES / superlatives Can use 'the slightest', 'the faintest' with a specific range of nouns to express the least amount possible, most frequently following a negative verb form. Lexical range: N/A
DISTANCING
EGP #110 | C2 | ADVERBS / adverbs as modifiers Can use adverbs mid clause, to distance the writer from what they are saying. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: FRONT POSITION, INVERSION, WITH 'HARDLY'
EGP #139 | C2 | ADVERBS / position Can use 'hardly' in front position followed by an inverted subject and verb, to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: MID POSITION, DISTANCING
EGP #140 | C2 | ADVERBS / position Can use adverbs in mid position, to distance the writer from what they are saying. Lexical range: N/A
PRE- AND POST-MODIFIED ADVERBS
EGP #148 | C2 | ADVERBS / adverb phrases - form Can form adverb phrases with modifiers before, and complements after, adverbs. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'SO ... AS TO', FORMAL
EGP #167 | C2 | CLAUSES / comparatives Can use 'so' + adjective + 'as' + 'to'-infinitive clause, usually in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
'AS IF' + NON-FINITE CLAUSE
EGP #168 | C2 | CLAUSES / comparatives Can use 'as if' + non-finite clause to introduce a second clause as a comparison. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NEGATIVE CLAUSE + 'NOR', FOCUS
EGP #178 | C2 | CLAUSES / coordinated Can combine a negative clause with an inverted clause with 'nor', to give focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'LET' + THIRD PERSON PRONOUN, DEVOLVING RESPONSIBILITY
EGP #201 | C2 | CLAUSES / imperatives Can use an imperative clause with 'let' + 'him/her/them' + base form of a main verb, to devolve responsibility. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'DON'T YOU …'
EGP #202 | C2 | CLAUSES / imperatives Can use you with an imperative form to make an instruction stronger. Lexical range: N/A
'HOW' + CLAUSE
EGP #219 | C2 | CLAUSES / phrases/exclamations Can use 'How' + clause. Lexical range: N/A
'HOW' + ADVERB + CLAUSE
EGP #220 | C2 | CLAUSES / phrases/exclamations Can use 'How' + adverb + clause. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NON-FINITE AFTER 'ALTHOUGH', 'THOUGH'
EGP #255 | C2 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can use non-finite clauses after subordinating conjunctions '(although, though)', to express contrast. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WERE' + PRONOUN + 'TO' INFINITIVE, FORMAL
EGP #256 | C2 | CLAUSES / subordinated Can use 'Were' + pronoun + 'to' infinitive to introduce a condition, in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NEITHER'
EGP #274 | C2 | CONJUNCTIONS / coordinating Can use 'Neither' or 'Nor' + inverted auxiliary or 'be' + subject to add to a previous related negative clause, to focus on an additional negative factor. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'AND YET', CONCESSIVE
EGP #275 | C2 | CONJUNCTIONS / coordinating Can use 'And yet' to combine sentences to introduce a contrast, often unexpected, sometimes in a formal context. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IN THAT'
EGP #282 | C2 | CONJUNCTIONS / subordinating Can use 'in that' as a subordinating conjunction, to give greater in-depth explanation, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
'THIS', IN NARRATIVES
EGP #315 | C2 | DETERMINERS / demonstratives Can use 'this' with nouns and noun phrases in a narrative to create a sense of immediacy. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'THIS' WITH NOUN AND POSSESSIVE
EGP #316 | C2 | DETERMINERS / demonstratives Can use 'this' + noun + 'of' + possessive pronoun to highlight something, often in a positive way. Lexical range: N/A
EMOTIONAL DISTANCE
EGP #317 | C2 | DETERMINERS / demonstratives Can use 'that' and 'those' to convey emotional distance, often to express disapproval. Lexical range: N/A
SINGULAR NOUN ENDING IN 'S' + APOSTROPHE
EGP #328 | C2 | DETERMINERS / possessives Can use an apostrophe after singular nouns ending in 's', to indicate possession. Lexical range: N/A
''S' WITH ELLIPTED NOUN
EGP #329 | C2 | DETERMINERS / possessives Can use ''s' without a following noun when the noun has already been mentioned or is obvious in the context. Lexical range: N/A
''S + 'S'
EGP #330 | C2 | DETERMINERS / possessives Can use two possessive ''s' constructions in the same noun phrase. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'MANY A' WITH SINGULAR NOUNS, FOR FOCUS
EGP #352 | C2 | DETERMINERS / quantity Can use 'many a' or 'many an' + singular noun for emphasis and focus. Lexical range: N/A
'BE DUE TO'
EGP #370 | C2 | FUTURE / future in the past Can use the simple past form of 'be' + 'due to' to talk about scheduled events in the future from a point in the past. Lexical range: N/A
ASSUMPTIONS
EGP #374 | C2 | FUTURE / future perfect continuous Can use the future perfect continuous to make assumptions about the present. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #381 | C2 | FUTURE / future perfect simple Can use the question form of the future perfect simple. Lexical range: N/A
LONG-TERM INTENTIONS WITH 'SHALL'
EGP #396 | C2 | FUTURE / future simple (with will and shall) Can use 'shall' to talk about long-term intentions. Lexical range: N/A
PREDICTIONS WITH 'SHALL'
EGP #397 | C2 | FUTURE / future simple (with will and shall) Can use 'shall' to make predictions, usually in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #411 | C2 | FUTURE / future with be going to Can use 'be' + 'going to' with a wide range of adverbs before the main verb. Lexical range: 3
INVERSION WITH 'ONLY WHEN'
EGP #424 | C2 | FUTURE / present continuous for future use Can use the present simple with 'only when' (followed by 'will' and inverted subject) to refer to the future. Lexical range: N/A
REFLECTIONS
EGP #456 | C2 | MODALITY / can Can use 'how can' to reflect, through rhetorical questions. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NEGATIVE WITH 'DIDN'T'
EGP #463 | C2 | MODALITY / dare Can use the negative form 'didn't dare' + infinitive without 'to' to talk about not being brave enough to do something. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #485 | C2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be' + 'not' + adjective + 'to' + infinitive. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'BE' + ADJECTIVE + 'NOT' + 'TO'
EGP #486 | C2 | MODALITY / expressions with be Can use 'be' + adjective + 'not' + 'to' + infinitive for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
PAST
EGP #494 | C2 | MODALITY / have (got) to Can use 'have to have' + '-ed'. Lexical range: N/A
OBLIGATION
EGP #496 | C2 | MODALITY / have (got) to Can use present and past forms of 'have to' + '-ed' to talk about obligations in the past. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'MAY AS WELL'
EGP #511 | C2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may as well' to talk about what we think is the easiest or most logical course of action, often when we cannot see a better alternative or when it will not spoil the situation if you do that thing. ► might Lexical range: N/A
CONCESSION
EGP #512 | C2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'may' in a subordinate clause expressing concession with 'however', 'whatever', 'whoever' … + 'it or this may be or seem'. Lexical range: N/A
HEDGING
EGP #513 | C2 | MODALITY / may Can use 'it may be' + '-ed' that as a hedging device when drawing conclusions and summarising, particularly in academic contexts. Lexical range: N/A
EMPHASIS
EGP #527 | C2 | MODALITY / might Can use 'try as I might' for emphasis at the beginning of a sentence. Lexical range: N/A
'MIGHT AS WELL'
EGP #528 | C2 | MODALITY / might Can use 'might as well', mostly to talk about or suggest what we think is the easiest or most logical course of action, often when we cannot see a better alternative. ► 'may' Lexical range: N/A
ELLIPSIS
EGP #547 | C2 | MODALITY / must Can use ellipted 'must have' + '-ed' without a subject. ► ellipsis Lexical range: N/A
INVERSION
EGP #548 | C2 | MODALITY / must Can invert 'must' and the subject after negative phrases, e.g. 'not only', 'never', 'nor', to change the focus and give prominence/emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
PAST, NEGATIVE
EGP #549 | C2 | MODALITY / must Can use 'must not have been' (especially with 'easy'). Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #550 | C2 | MODALITY / must Can use 'must' with a wide range of adverbs in the normal mid position after the modal verb. ► adverbs| Lexical range: 3
QUESTIONS
EGP #554 | C2 | MODALITY / need Can use the question form. Lexical range: N/A
IN DISCUSSION
EGP #555 | C2 | MODALITY / need Can use the question form rhetorically in discussion, typically in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
CONTRACTED FORM, NEGATIVE
EGP #564 | C2 | MODALITY / ought Can use 'oughtn't' (without 'to') + verb. Lexical range: N/A
NEGATIVE
EGP #565 | C2 | MODALITY / ought Can use the negative form 'ought not to'. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS, NEGATIVE
EGP #566 | C2 | MODALITY / ought Can use 'ought' + subject + 'not to' + verb to form (rhetorical) questions, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
AFTER 'IF' CLAUSES
EGP #575 | C2 | MODALITY / shall Can use 'shall' in the main clause after an 'if-' clause ► conditionals Lexical range: N/A
PREDICTIONS
EGP #576 | C2 | MODALITY / shall Can use 'shall' to make predictions. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH 'AS' + PRONOUN, NARRATIVE
EGP #601 | C2 | MODALITY / used to Can use 'as' + pronoun + 'used to' … to add background to a narrative, often to highlight something unusual. Lexical range: N/A
'USED NOT TO'
EGP #602 | C2 | MODALITY / used to Can use negative form 'used not to' Lexical range: N/A
WILLFULNESS OR DISAPPROVAL
EGP #615 | C2 | MODALITY / will Can use 'will' to talk about general behaviour, often disapprovingly. Lexical range: N/A
WITH ADVERBS
EGP #638 | C2 | MODALITY / would Can use a wide range of adverbs with 'would', including 'undoubtedly', 'possibly', 'normally', 'personally', 'eventually', 'obviously', 'significantly', 'inevitably'. ► adverbs Lexical range: 3
FORM/USE, RESPONSE TOKENS
EGP #646 | C2 | MODALITY / adverbs Can use adverbs expressing certainty as short responses. Lexical range: N/A
COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES WITH 'LITTLE OR NO' + NOUN
EGP #676 | C2 | NOUNS / noun phrases Can form complex noun phrases with 'little or no' + noun. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NON-FINITE PERFECT CLAUSES
EGP #733 | C2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use passive non-finite '-ing' perfect forms in subordinate clauses to give explanatory background information. Lexical range: N/A
NON-FINITE PERFECT COMPLEMENTS
EGP #734 | C2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Can use non-finite '-ing' perfect forms of the passive as the complement of prepositions. Lexical range: N/A
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS COMMENT
EGP #735 | C2 | PASSIVES / passives: form Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'HAVE' + OBJECT + INFINITIVE
EGP #742 | C2 | PASSIVES / get and have Can use 'have' + object + infinitive without 'to' to talk about asking or causing someone to do something, often in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
UNDESIRED EVENTS
EGP #754 | C2 | PAST / past continuous Can use the past continuous with 'always' or 'constantly' to talk about repeated events which are undesired or uncontrolled. Lexical range: N/A
QUESTIONS
EGP #763 | C2 | PAST / past perfect continuous Can use the question form. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: AFTER 'IF ONLY', IMAGINED PAST
EGP #781 | C2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use the negative form after 'if only' to express regret. Lexical range: N/A
FIXED EXPRESSIONS 'HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR', 'IF IT HADN'T BEEN FOR'
EGP #782 | C2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can use 'had it not been for' ? and 'if it hadn?t been for' with a modal form for giving reasons. Lexical range: N/A
INVERSION WITH 'HARDLY ?WHEN'
EGP #783 | C2 | PAST / past perfect simple Can invert the subject and affirmative auxiliary verb with 'hardly ? when' to talk about something that happened immediately before something else, in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: INVERSION
EGP #815 | C2 | PAST / present perfect continuous Can invert the subject and affirmative auxiliary verb with 'not only ? but' as a focusing device. ► focus ► inversion Lexical range: N/A
NEWSWORTHY
EGP #835 | C2 | PAST / present perfect simple Can use the present perfect simple to introduce news. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE FREQUENCY
EGP #863 | C2 | PRESENT / present continuous Can use the present continuous with a wide range of adverbs of indefinite frequency, often to talk about surprising or undesirable situations or events. Lexical range: 3
POLITENESS
EGP #864 | C2 | PRESENT / present continuous Can use the present continuous with verbs that are not usually used in this form to make statements and requests sound less direct. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: WITH 'THAT ? OF'
EGP #903 | C2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use 'that ? of' + possessive pronouns to express an attitude about someone or something, often in humorous or sarcastic contexts. Lexical range: N/A
'HERS' AS SUBJECT
EGP #904 | C2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'hers' with singular reference, in subject position. Lexical range: N/A
'HIS'
EGP #905 | C2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'his', with singular and plural reference, in subject and object position, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions. Lexical range: N/A
OF 'THEIRS', 'HERS', 'HIS'
EGP #906 | C2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronouns 'hers', 'theirs' and 'his' after noun + 'of'. Lexical range: N/A
'THEIRS' AS SUBJECT
EGP #907 | C2 | PRONOUNS / possessive Can use the possessive pronoun 'theirs', with singular and plural reference, in subject position. Lexical range: N/A
DISCOURSE MARKERS
EGP #921 | C2 | PRONOUNS / reflexive Can use 'as for myself' as a discourse marker to introduce or focus on a personal opinion. Lexical range: N/A
(SUBJECT) CLEFT CONSTRUCTIONS WITH 'IT'
EGP #937 | C2 | PRONOUNS / subject/ object Can form a cleft construction beginning with 'it' to emphasise the subject of the main clause. ► clauses Lexical range: N/A
'A LOT' AND 'MUCH'
EGP #968 | C2 | PRONOUNS / quantity Can use 'a lot' and 'much' as a subject pronouns. ► focus Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'MANY ARE THE' + NOUN, FOR FOCUS
EGP #969 | C2 | PRONOUNS / quantity Can form complex noun phrases using an inverted form 'Many' + 'are' + noun phrase, followed by a relative clause, as a focusing device. ► focus Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'THE ONE(S) THAT', FOR FOCUS
EGP #981 | C2 | PRONOUNS / substitution, one, ones, none Can use 'The one(s) that' + clause in subject position, for focus. ► focus Lexical range: N/A
'EACH ... THE OTHER(S)', AS OBJECT
EGP #1007 | C2 | PRONOUNS / reciprocal Can use 'each' (+ noun or pronoun) as subject followed by 'the other(s)' as object , to refer to two related things. ► pronouns: quantity Lexical range: N/A
ELLIPSIS
EGP #1015 | C2 | QUESTIONS / alternatives Can form alternative questions with two or more clauses and ellipsis in the second or third clause. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS WITH 'NOT', EMPHASIS
EGP #1042 | C2 | QUESTIONS / yes/no Can form negative questions with uncontracted 'not' to emphasise a point in an argument. Lexical range: N/A
VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT
EGP #1047 | C2 | VERBS / phrasal-prepositional Can use a direct object with some prepositional verbs as well as an object of the preposition. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WOULD HATE' + 'TO'
EGP #1094 | C2 | VERBS / patterns_with to and -ing Can use 'would hate' + 'to' infinitive, for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
INVERTED 'SHOULD', FUTURE, POSSIBLE OUTCOME, FORMAL, POLITE
EGP #1124 | C2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use inverted 'should', + 'would' in the main clause to talk about possible future outcomes, in polite or formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: INVERTED PAST PERFECT, IMAGINED PAST
EGP #1125 | C2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use past perfect + inverted subject, and a modal verb + 'have' + '-ed' in the main clause to talk about imagined situations in the past. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: INVERTED 'WERE' + 'TO' INFINITIVE, FORMAL
EGP #1126 | C2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use 'were' with an inverted subject + 'to' infinitive, to introduce conditions in formal contexts. ► past simple Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS, CONDITIONS
EGP #1127 | C2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use conditional subordinate clauses with a range of conjunctions ('so long as', 'on condition that', 'in the event that') with past, present or future reference.| Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WERE IT NOT FOR', FORMAL
EGP #1128 | C2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use 'Were it not for' + noun phrase to introduce conditions in formal contexts. ► past simple Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IF IT WERE NOT FOR', FORMAL
EGP #1129 | C2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use 'If it weren?t / were not for' + noun phrase to introduce conditions in formal contexts. ► past simple Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IF IT WERE' + 'TO'-INFINITIVE FORM, FORMAL
EGP #1130 | C2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use 'If it were' + 'to-' infinitive to introduce conditions in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WHETHER OR NOT', FORMAL
EGP #1131 | C2 | CLAUSES / conditional Can use 'whether or not' to introduce conditions in formal contexts. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT A' + NOUN
EGP #1170 | C2 | FOCUS / focus Can use 'Not a' + noun with a passive verb or inverted auxiliary and subject for focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'WH-'CLEFT CLAUSE
EGP #1171 | C2 | FOCUS / focus Can use 'How', 'Why', or 'Where' cleft clauses as subject, for focus Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'THE' + PREMODIFIER + 'THING, FACT etc.' + 'IS (THAT)'
EGP #1172 | C2 | FOCUS / focus Can use 'The' + premodifier + 'thing, fact, point, problem or reason' + 'is (that)' for focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IT' CLEFT
EGP #1173 | C2 | FOCUS / focus Can use 'It' + 'be' + noun + 'that' clause for focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: MULTIPLE FIXED EXPRESSIONS
EGP #1174 | C2 | FOCUS / focus Can use more than one fixed expression in the front position for added focus. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NOT A' + NOUN, EMPHASIS
EGP #1202 | C2 | NEGATION / negation Can use 'not a' + noun, often with a following passive structure, for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'DON'T YOU ?', WARNING
EGP #1203 | C2 | NEGATION / negation Can use a negative imperative form with 'you' to give a warning or reprimand. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'NEITHER'
EGP #1204 | C2 | NEGATION / negation Can use 'Neither' or 'Nor' + with 'do' or 'be' + inverted subject to add to a previous related negative clause, to focus on an additional negative factor. Lexical range: N/A
FORM/USE: 'IN THE LEAST', EMPHASIS
EGP #1205 | C2 | NEGATION / negation Can use 'in the least' after a negative form for emphasis. Lexical range: N/A
SPECULATION
EGP #1238 | C2 | MODALITY / could Can use 'couldn?t have' + '-ed' to speculate about the past. Lexical range: N/A
SPECULATION
EGP #1239 | C2 | MODALITY / could Can use 'couldn?t have' + '-ed' to speculate about the past. Lexical range: N/A
DEDUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
EGP #495 | C2 | MODALITY / have (got) to Can use a range of present and past forms of 'have (got) to' to talk about deductions and conclusions. ► must ► had to Lexical range: N/A