随着工厂规模扩大，管理成本上升导致了规模不经济。

The factory experienced ___diseconomies of scale as management costs rose with expansion.

过度包装造成了资源浪费和生产成本的增加，这是一种典型的负面经济效应。

Excessive packaging leads to resource waste and higher production costs, which are clear ___diseconomies.