这种特殊的胶水能牢固地粘合在各种基材上。

This special glue can firmly bond to various ___substrates.

这种酶需要特定的底物才能发挥作用。

This enzyme requires specific ___substrates to function properly.

这种新型半导体材料被用作制造高性能芯片的基底。

This new semiconductor material serves as the ___substrate for high-performance chip production.