工厂的污染问题产生了严重的溢出效应，影响了周边村庄的饮用水安全。

The pollution from the factory caused serious ___spill-over effects, compromising the drinking water safety of nearby villages.

工厂的污染问题导致了周边社区的公共卫生危机，这是环境问题的严重外溢效应。

The factory's pollution caused a public health crisis in nearby communities, a serious ___spill-over of environmental issues.

研究发现，这两种物质之间存在明显的能量溢出效应。

The study found significant energy ___spillover between these two substances.