火山爆发是一场大灾难，摧毁了整个村庄并改变了周围的地形。

The volcanic eruption was a ___cataclysm that destroyed the entire village and altered the surrounding landscape.

工业革命带来了社会结构的巨大变革，彻底改变了人们的生活方式。

The Industrial Revolution caused a social ___cataclysm that completely transformed people's way of life.