causality

哲学家们一直在探讨因果关系的基本原理。

Philosophers have long debated the fundamental principles of ___causality.

科学家们正在研究气候变化与人类活动之间的因果关系。

Scientists are studying the ___causality between climate change and human activities.

科学家们通过实验证明了吸烟与肺癌之间的因果关系。

Scientists proved the ___causality between smoking and lung cancer through experiments.