longitudinal

这张桌子有纵向的条纹装饰。

The table has ___longitudinal stripes as decoration.

研究人员通过纵向研究追踪了参与者的长期发展。

The researchers conducted a ___longitudinal study to track participants' long-term development.

这项研究采用了纵向跟踪的方法，记录了一组学生五年内的学习进步情况。

The study used a ___longitudinal approach to track a group of students' academic progress over five years.