在远古时代，许多部落信仰万物有灵，认为树木和动物都具有灵魂。

In ancient times, many tribes believed in ___animism, thinking that trees and animals had souls.

在一些古老的信仰中，人们认为石头和河流都有灵魂，这体现了万物有灵论。

In some ancient beliefs, people thought stones and rivers had spirits, which shows ___animism.