中世纪时，许多被认为是异教徒的人因信仰不同而受到迫害。

During the Middle Ages, many people were persecuted as ___heretics for their differing beliefs.

在科学界，那些挑战主流理论的科学家常常被视为异端。

In the scientific community, those who challenge mainstream theories are often seen as ___heretics.