Many kulaks were exiled during the collectivization campaign for refusing to surrender their land.

kulaks 是俄语词汇"кулак"的音译，原意为"拳头"，在苏联农业集体化时期特指"富农阶级"，指那些拥有较多土地和生产资料的富裕农民。这个词带有贬义色彩，当时苏联政府将富农视为阶级敌人。